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Initial Mass Function:

Universal or not?

Stellar population studies can lead to different results for the same data depending on the choice of, for example, the models, the cosmology adopted, the wavelength range, the selection limits, the use of spectroscopy vs photometry, etc. For some of these, the user can freely choose, while others are assumed to be universal. This is the case of the Initial Mass Function (IMF), a fundamental parameter on the stellar population analysis, as it describes the distribution of the stellar masses in a single population of stars at the time of birth. For decades, it has been assumed to be universal, showing the same shape and steepness for all types of galaxies at all epochs.

However, recent results have claimed that this is no longer the case. In particular, it has been shown, from several approaches and techniques, that more massive galaxies demand steeper IMF slopes. In addition, it seems that a systematic correlation with the IMF slope and the velocity dispersion exists. If this is the case, this has a strong impact on our previous works, as we were characterizing massive galaxies assuming the standard Kroupa IMF.

For compact and large elliptical galaxies?

Therefore, we wanted to quantify the impact that changing this IMF would have in our previous works and, in general, in the stellar population analysis (indices, star formation histories, ages, metallicities, mass assembly, etc...). 

Our results show that the SFHs of ETGs of all masses tend to converge to a common pattern that involves a varying amount of recent residual star formation. The SFHs of ETGs have always been a challenge in modern astronomy, as they represent a direct way to constrain competing galaxy formation models.

 

See:

The impact of a non-universal IMF on the Star Formation HistoriesA. Ferré-Mateu, A. Vazdekis, I.  and I.G. de la Rosa, 2013, MNRAS, 431, 440

 

Example of one of the stellar parameters that varies the most with the IMF, the stellar masses obtained from the derived M/L ratios with different IMF slopes.  The stellar masses increase by a factor as large as 4.  (Ferré-Mateu et al. 2013)

For the massive relic galaxies?

It was also important to study how the relic candidates behave under this non-universal assumption. By these means, we studied the how did the IMF slope varied at different galactocentric distances for NGC1277. 

 

 

Massive relic galaxies show extremely steep slopes in the center of the galaxies, not seen before for other massive galaxies, whose IMF varies radially following the radial variations in the velocity dispersion. This means that the IMF variations are not driven solely by the galaxy velocity dispersion and that there must be another parameter driving it, such as the metallicity. This also means that the steep IMF slope at ALL distances. Our results show that the IMF of the massive galaxies at z~2 is expected to be steep too.

 

See:

The Initial Mass Function of a massive relic galaxy; I. Martín-Navarro, F. La Barbera, A. Vazdekis, A. Ferré-Mateu, I. Trujillo, M. Beasley, 2015, MNRAS, 541, 1081

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Two new confirmed massive relic galaxies: red nuggets in the present-day Universe; A. Ferre-Mateu, I. Martín-Navarro, I. Trujillo, A. Vazdekis, M. Mezcua, M. Balcells, L. Domínguez; 2017, MNRAS, 467, 1929

 

Radial IMF-slope gradient for the relic massive galaxies.

From Ferré-Mateu et al. (2017). 

 

 

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